As elementary school teachers, understanding how to develop working memory can transform the way we approach student learning needs and improve academic performance. When students struggle with staying on task, memorizing facts, or completing multi-step assignments, it may not be a motivation issue—it may be a sign of an executive function deficit in working memory. […]

When students struggle with self-assessment, it can significantly impact their academic performance and overall learning experience. Self-monitoring is a critical component of executive function, enabling students to evaluate their work, understand grading systems, and identify errors. However, many high school students face executive function challenges that prevent them from effectively engaging in this process. Understanding […]

Task avoidance is a common challenge among middle school students, often leaving teachers frustrated when students fail to get started on assignments. Whether a student has trouble coming up with ideas, struggles to begin working, or finds it difficult to generate solutions to problems, these behaviors can be linked to an executive function skill deficit […]

In any elementary classroom, teachers encounter students who struggle with showing flexibility. Whether it’s resisting new activities, finding transitions challenging, or struggling to understand different perspectives, these behaviors often stem from an executive function skill deficit in flexibility. Showing flexibility is essential for adapting to new situations, solving problems, and navigating social interactions. Without it, […]